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<title>Reactive devaluation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reactive devaluation</span></span>

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<p><b>Reactive devaluation</b> is a <a href="Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a> that occurs when a proposal is devalued if it appears to originate from an antagonist. The bias was proposed by <a href="Lee_Ross" title="Lee Ross">Lee Ross</a> and Constance Stillinger (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-RossStillinger1988_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RossStillinger1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Reactive devaluation could be caused by <a href="Loss_aversion" title="Loss aversion">loss aversion</a> or <a href="Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">attitude polarization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ross1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="Na%C3%AFve_realism_(psychology)" title="Naïve realism (psychology)">naïve realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RossWard1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RossWard1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2></div>

<p>In an initial experiment, Stillinger and co-authors asked pedestrians in the US whether they would support a drastic bilateral <a href="Nuclear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear arms">nuclear arms</a> reduction program. If they were told the proposal came from President <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, 90 percent said it would be favorable or even-handed to the United States; if they were told the proposal came from a group of unspecified policy analysts, 80 percent thought it was favorable or even; but, if respondents were told it came from <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> only 44 percent thought it was favorable or neutral to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-rs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In another experiment, a contemporaneous controversy at <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> led to the university divesting of <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> assets because of the <a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime. Students at Stanford were asked to evaluate the University's divestment plan <i>before</i> it was announced publicly and <i>after</i> such. Proposals including the actual eventual proposal were valued more highly when they were hypothetical.<sup id="cite_ref-rs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In another study, experimenters showed <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> participants a peace proposal which had been actually proposed by Israel. If participants were told the proposal came from a Palestinian source, they rated it lower than if they were told (correctly) the identical proposal came from the Israeli government. If participants identified as "<a href="War_hawk" title="War hawk">hawkish</a>" were told it came from a "<a href="Pacifism" title="Pacifism">dovish</a>" Israeli government, they believed it was relatively bad for their people and good for the other side, but not if participants identified as "doves".<sup id="cite_ref-Maoz2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maoz2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Genetic_fallacy" title="Genetic fallacy">Genetic fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulverism" title="Bulverism">Bulverism</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Boy_Who_Cried_Wolf" title="The Boy Who Cried Wolf">The Boy Who Cried Wolf</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-RossStillinger1988-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RossStillinger1988_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Ross, Constance A. Stillinger, "Psychological barriers to conflict resolution", Stanford Center on Conflict and Negotiation, Stanford University, 1988, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2QrAQAAIAAJ&q=reactive">p. 4</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss1995" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lee (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614221816/https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/child-page/370999/doc/slspublic/Reactive%20Devaluation.pdf">"Reactive Devaluation in Negotiation and Conflict Resolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kenneth Arrow; Robert Mnookin; Lee Ross; Amos Tversky; Robert B. Wilson (eds.). <i>Barriers to Conflict Resolution</i>. New York: WW Norton & Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780393331769</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2016-06-14.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-RossWard1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RossWard1996_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617085604/https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/default/files/child-page/370999/doc/slspublic/Naive%20Realism.pdf">Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding</a>. In T. Brown, E. S. Reed & E. Turiel (Eds.), Values and knowledge (pp. 103–135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780805815214</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-rs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRossStillinger1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Lee; Stillinger, Constance (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1571-9979.1991.tb00634.x">"Barriers to Conflict Resolution"</a>. <i>Negotiation Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>404. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1571-9979.1991.tb00634.x">10.1111/j.1571-9979.1991.tb00634.x</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Maoz2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maoz2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaozWardKatzRoss2002" class="citation journal cs1">Maoz, I.; Ward, A.; Katz, M.; Ross, L. (2002). "Reactive Devaluation of an "Israeli" vs. "Palestinian" Peace Proposal". <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">515–</span>546. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002702046004003">10.1177/0022002702046004003</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145771170">145771170</a>.</cite></span>

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